Home Remodeling Experts Surrey

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey

Foundation repair

They're not just renovators; they're your neighbors, committed to enhancing the community one project at a time. This isn't just about seeing your space; it's about experiencing it. They focus on using eco-friendly materials that are both durable and sustainable. Learn more about Home Remodeling Experts Surrey here When you're considering us for your project, you're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with a team that listens. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. Let's transform your space into the home of your dreams, where every detail reflects your personal style and meets your everyday needs.
We understand the importance of blending functionality with aesthetics, which is why we focus on both the big picture and the minute details of your renovation project. Sustainable materials and energy-efficient designs are also at the forefront of today's renovation trends. Canyon Property manages every aspect of the renovation process, ensuring a seamless transition from old to new. Read more about Home Remodeling Experts Surrey here Getting started with Canyon isn't just about kicking off a project; it's about laying the foundation for a trusted partnership.
The future of home customization promises limitless possibilities, allowing you to tailor every aspect of your living space to suit your unique needs and preferences. For smaller projects, a 0% APR credit card could be a smart choice, especially if you can pay off the balance before the promotional period ends. Canyon Property Projects Ltd extends its services to the outdoors, offering landscaping, deck building, and exterior renovations. Firstly, their team's expertise ensures your project is in capable hands.
With Canyon Property, you're also getting transparency in every aspect of the project. Whether you're dreaming of a modern, sleek design or a cozy, traditional space, their team of professionals works closely with you to bring those visions to life. Painting and wall finishes You're witnessing a revolution in home living, where traditional spaces are being reimagined into modern sanctuaries that cater not just to aesthetic desires but to practical needs as well. Stay with us as we unveil the layers of dedication and creativity that make Canyon Property Projects the first choice among Home Remodeling Experts Surrey residents, and perhaps, why they should be yours too. Outdoor kitchen installation

This on-site consultation is crucial. You're not just updating your space; you're reimagining it to fit your lifestyle perfectly. You'll start by sitting down with their team, where you're encouraged to share your ideas, preferences, and the dream look for your home. It's a testament to their belief that a successful business doesn't just thrive on profits but on the lasting, positive mark it leaves on the world around it.

They'll keep you informed from start to finish, ensuring there are no surprises. Renovations can be daunting, but with the right team, you'll navigate these hurdles with ease. Once the project is complete, they conduct a detailed walkthrough with you to ensure every detail is to your liking.

Here's what you need to do. From elevating functional living spaces to ensuring every client's satisfaction, their commitment to excellence sets a new benchmark.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey - Tile installation services

  1. Foundation repair
  2. Surrey renovation project planning
  3. Home addition services
  4. Painting and wall finishes
  5. Roofing and gutters
  6. Tile installation services
  7. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  8. Outdoor kitchen installation
  9. Surrey renovation project planning
  10. Home addition services
  11. Painting and wall finishes
  12. Roofing and gutters
  13. Tile installation services
  14. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  15. Outdoor kitchen installation
  16. Surrey renovation project planning
  17. Home addition services
You'll find that their expertise isn't just about fixing problems; it's about elevating your home's efficiency and sustainability.

You've probably heard tales of renovation projects that stretch on for months or contractors that vanish into thin air, but Canyon Property Projects promises to be a different story. Open floor plans continue to reign supreme, offering a seamless flow between living, dining, and kitchen areas. It's not just about aesthetics; it's about creating environments that enhance your daily life.

Home energy audit

Citations and other links

Exterior Modernization Home Remodeling Experts Surrey

They're keen on incorporating energy-saving features such as solar panels, energy-efficient appliances, and LED lighting into their designs. They understand that you've got expectations and constraints, and they're committed to delivering your project on time and within your financial plan. You'll receive a detailed breakdown of costs and a realistic project timeline, so you know exactly what to expect. Dreaming of unique lighting fixtures?

You've got a vision for your home, and Canyon Property Projects Ltd. is here to bring it to life. So, whatever your renovation goals, Canyon Property Projects is here to turn them into reality. Their team of skilled professionals uses high-quality materials and pays meticulous attention to detail, guaranteeing that the finished product not only meets but exceeds your expectations.

With their suite of renovation services, you're not just upgrading your space; you're redefining your living experience. Our team's meticulously planned approach means you won't be left guessing what's next. Clients consistently highlight the team's communication, transparency, and ability to tackle unforeseen challenges with ease. 'They kept us in the loop every step of the way, making what could have been a stressful time, a truly enjoyable experience,' says another grateful homeowner. Surrey renovation project planning

After this meeting, they'll provide a detailed proposal, outlining the scope of work, timelines, and estimated costs. Their transparent communication keeps you informed every step of the way, ensuring the final result exceeds your expectations. You'll notice that our designs emphasize natural light, reducing the need for artificial lighting and further decreasing energy consumption.

Exterior Modernization Home Remodeling Experts Surrey
Custom Home Remodeling Home Remodeling Experts Surrey

Custom Home Remodeling Home Remodeling Experts Surrey

Plus, their email is always open for inquiries, allowing you to get detailed information at your own pace. Home gym remodeling You'll receive regular updates and have direct access to your project manager, who'll be more than happy to address any concerns or adjustments you might've in mind. That's why they're committed to installing high-quality, durable materials that stand the test of time. During this initial step, we'll dive deep into what you envision for your space, the scope of the renovation, and any specific requirements or challenges your property might present. Our project managers are seasoned pros, adept at navigating the complexities of renovation projects, ensuring that resources are allocated wisely, and work progresses without a hitch.

After reading the glowing testimonials, you might be wondering how to embark on your own renovation journey with Canyon Property.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey - Home energy audit

  1. Whole house renovation
  2. Plumbing upgrades
  3. Garage conversion
  4. Foundation repair
  5. Laminate flooring installation
  6. Bedroom remodeling
  7. Home insulation upgrades
  8. Custom home remodeling
  9. Eco-friendly renovations
  10. Painting and wall finishes
  11. Kitchen renovation
  12. Structural renovation
  13. Soaking tub installation
  14. Sunroom addition
  15. Open concept renovation
  16. Accessible home design
You've also made significant contributions to local causes and events, further embedding yourselves within the community fabric. Canyon's portfolio of success stories isn't just built on the final product but also the journey there. We take pride in our transparency and communication.

From bespoke cabinetry in your kitchen to the intricate tile work in your bathroom, our craftsmanship brings your vision to life with an elegance and durability that lasts. It's testimonials like these that underscore the company's reputation as a leader in eco-conscious renovations, solidifying its place as the preferred choice for homeowners in Home Remodeling Experts Surrey looking to enhance their living spaces responsibly. These elements not only benefit the environment but can also save you money in the long run. So, when you choose Canyon Property Projects, you're not just upgrading your home; you're becoming part of a larger story of community enhancement and legacy building.

Additionally, we're now offering bespoke outdoor living solutions, from custom decks to beautifully landscaped gardens, ensuring your home's exterior is as welcoming and comfortable as its interior.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey - Garage renovation

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  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
We tailor every element to suit your lifestyle, ensuring that the final layout is as practical as it is beautiful. This dedication to community involvement not only enriches the neighborhood but also builds trust and establishes a deeper connection with the residents. From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, you're involved in every step, ensuring that your needs and preferences shape the project's direction.

Home Revitalization Home Remodeling Experts Surrey

This means you're not just getting quality craftsmanship; you're also benefiting from insights that can only come from years of honing their craft.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey - Electrical renovations

  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Home renovation
  • Interior painting
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Home improvement services
  • Home office renovation
  • Closet renovations
  • Porch renovation
  • Custom design-build services
  • Garage renovation
  • Residential remodeling
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Home theater installation
  • Crown molding installation
  • Custom cabinetry
  • Countertop installation
  • Built-in storage solutions
Whether it's sponsoring a local sports team or participating in city clean-up efforts, your actions have spoken louder than words. You've got a vision, and we've got the roadmap to bring it to life. Home addition services We understand that your time and budget are precious. This level of customization means your home will grow and change with you, always providing the perfect backdrop to your life.

Smart homes are evolving beyond convenience, offering solutions that anticipate your needs before you even realize them. We're here to bring your vision to life, with expertise, care, and attention to detail at every step. Building on their plumbing expertise, Canyon Property Projects also excels in transforming bathrooms into modern sanctuaries. That's why we offer bespoke solutions tailored specifically to your needs and preferences.

They dive deep into the aesthetics, from sleek, contemporary designs to classic elegance, ensuring every detail aligns with your vision. Beyond customizing your living spaces, Canyon Property also prioritizes incorporating sustainable building practices into their projects. With Canyon Property Projects, you can tap into these trends and more, creating a home that's not just updated, but truly yours. This collaboration ensures that the end result is as unique as you are, perfectly suited to your tastes and functional needs.

When you partner with us, you'll have access to a comprehensive range of home renovation services designed to meet every need and exceed your expectations. You'll receive a clear outline of the work to be done, materials needed, and a projected timeline. You've got a vision, and we've got the tools and techniques to bring it to life, from smart home integrations that offer control at your fingertips to eco-friendly materials that reduce your carbon footprint without compromising on aesthetics. Whether it's a luxurious walk-in shower, a statement-making vanity, or ambient lighting that sets the perfect mood, they've got the skills to bring your dream bathroom to life.

Home Revitalization Home Remodeling Experts Surrey
Home Remodeling Experts Surrey Home Interior Experts
Home Remodeling Experts Surrey Home Interior Experts

They've got a specialist for that. Permit and code compliance Opting for Canyon Property for your home renovation in Home Remodeling Experts Surrey ensures you're choosing a partner dedicated to transforming your vision into reality with unmatched precision and care. Let's transform your space into something you'll love, reflecting your style and enhancing your quality of life. Their team of skilled artisans and craftsmen start transforming your space, while keeping you in the loop at every stage.

This step is crucial for aligning your dreams with the reality of the space and structural possibilities. There are no surprises or hidden fees, just a clear, concise plan of action tailored to fit your budget and timeline. Toilet installation When you're looking to transform your home, you'll find that their approach is both refreshing and highly efficient.

With each renovation, you're not just improving your living space; you're also enhancing your quality of life, making your home not just a place to live, but a place to thrive. We understand that your home is a reflection of you, which is why we're dedicated to not just meeting, but exceeding your renovation expectations.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey - Home addition services

  1. Outdoor kitchen installation
  2. Tile installation services
  3. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  4. Outdoor kitchen installation
  5. Tile installation services
  6. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  7. Outdoor kitchen installation
  8. Tile installation services
  9. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  10. Outdoor kitchen installation
  11. Tile installation services
  12. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  13. Outdoor kitchen installation
  14. Tile installation services
  15. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  16. Outdoor kitchen installation
With a keen eye for detail and a commitment to quality, their team transforms spaces while keeping you informed and involved at every turn.

Sarah M. shares, 'Canyon Property transformed our outdated kitchen into a modern, energy-efficient space. What sets them apart is their dedication to customer satisfaction.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey - Custom design-build services

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  • Landscaping and hardscaping
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  • Entryway remodeling
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  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Exterior painting
  • Smart home upgrades
  • Attic renovation
  • Project management
  • Home addition services
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Mudroom design
You'll always know where your project stands, thanks to regular updates and easy access to your project manager.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey Home Style Upgrades

Their project management isn't just about keeping things on track. Imagine stepping into a home so meticulously renovated that it feels like you've walked into a page from your favorite design magazine; this is the standard Canyon Property Projects Ltd is setting in Home Remodeling Experts Surrey. Another mistake is neglecting proper planning. Residential remodeling They've made it their mission to ensure that every renovation project they undertake is as unique as the individuals who live there.

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey - Home addition services

  • Door installation
  • Kitchen cabinet replacement
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Staircase renovation
  • Window replacement
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Home improvement ideas Surrey
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Deck and patio remodeling
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  • Bathroom renovation
  • Fireplace remodeling
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  • Basement suite construction
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Wall removal services
  • Backsplash installation
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Fence and gate installation

Hearing directly from satisfied customers, you'll quickly realize why Canyon Property is the go-to choice for eco-conscious home renovations in Home Remodeling Experts Surrey. They're not just there to oversee the work; they're there to answer your questions, address your concerns, and adjust plans on the fly to accommodate any changes you might want to make. We're thrilled with the result and the eco-friendly approach.'

Home Remodeling Experts Surrey - Porch renovation

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  • Vanity replacement
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  • Home layout redesign
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  • Basement waterproofing
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  • Baseboard and trim renovation
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  • Aging-in-place renovations
This sentiment is echoed across numerous testimonials, with many praising the team's ability to blend aesthetic appeal with environmental responsibility.
That's why we're dedicated to offering custom renovation solutions that align with your specific desires and requirements. As someone keen on transforming your living space, you've likely experienced the overwhelming task of sifting through countless contractors, seeking those rare gems that promise both reliability and quality. The question now is, how will Canyon Property Projects Ltd.'s vision influence your next home makeover? Affordable home remodeling Surrey
It's not just about slapping on a new coat of paint; it's a comprehensive overhaul that breathes new life into every corner of your home. Lastly, don't overlook government loans or grants, especially if your project includes energy-efficient upgrades. This isn't just about blueprints and budgets; it's about capturing the essence of what you want your living space to become.

Explore Home Remodeling Experts Surrey here
Home Remodeling Experts Surrey Home Style Upgrades

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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